Effluent Treatment Plants

1. Preliminary Treatment (Screening & Grit Removal)

• Screening: Large solids (plastics, leaves, paper, etc.) are removed using screens.
• Grit Removal: Sand, gravel, and other heavy particles are settled out to prevent damage to equipment.

2. Primary Treatment (Sedimentation & Oil Removal)

• Sedimentation Tanks: Allows suspended solids to settle at the bottom as sludge.
• Oil & Grease Removal: Skimmers remove floating oils and grease.

3. Secondary Treatment (Biological Treatment)

• Aeration (Activated Sludge Process): Air is supplied to encourage microbial breakdown of organic pollutants.
• Trickling Filters / Biofilters: Microorganisms degrade organic matter as wastewater trickles through media.
• Anaerobic Digestion: Used for high organic load wastewater, where bacteria break down waste in the absence of oxygen.

4. Tertiary Treatment (Advanced Treatment)

• Filtration (Sand / Carbon Filters): Removes residual solids and organics.
• Chemical Treatment (pH Adjustment, Coagulation, & Flocculation): Neutralization and removal of fine suspended particles.
• Disinfection (Chlorination / UV Treatment): Eliminates pathogens before discharge or reuse.

5. Sludge Treatment & Disposal

• Sludge Thickening & Dewatering: Reduces water content using centrifuges or belt presses.
• Sludge Drying & Incineration: Further volume reduction and safe disposal.
• Land Application / Disposal: Treated sludge may be used as fertilizer or disposed of in landfills.